Contents
Introduction
Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), is a long-term form of depression. It is characterized by a depressed mood that lasts for at least two years.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, dysthymia is a chronic form of depression that affects 2.5% of adults in the United States. While the symptoms of dysthymia are not as severe as those of major depression, they can still have a significant negative impact on your life.
Symptoms of Dysthymia or PDD
Symptoms of dysthymia are similar to those of major depression, but they’re less severe and last longer.
There is currently no blood test or other medical test that can diagnose dysthymia. Instead, diagnosis is based on symptoms and how long they have been present. Because symptoms of dysthymia can vary from person to person, it is important to see a mental health professional for an evaluation.
The most common symptoms include:
• Having a depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not.
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed.
• Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or guilt.
• Low energy levels and/or difficulty concentrating.
• Difficulty making decisions.
• Changes in appetite or weight.
• Sleeping too much or too little.
• Low self-esteem; and social withdrawal.
People with dysthymia may also experience one or more episodes of major depression during their lifetime. Persistent depressive disorder can make it hard to function at work or school and to maintain relationships.
Causes of PDD
While the exact cause of dysthymia is unknown, it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and social factors.
For example, people with dysthymia may have a genetic predisposition to the condition. Biological factors may include changes in brain chemistry or an imbalance of neurotransmitters. Psychological factors may include negative thinking patterns or a history of trauma. Social factors may include a lack of social support or chronic stress. Additionally, dysthymia may be triggered by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain or by exposure to stressful life events. Lastly, social isolation and other forms of psychosocial stress can contribute to the development of dysthymia.
How is Dysthymia or Persistent Depressive Disorder PDD Diagnosed
A diagnosis of dysthymia is made by a mental health professional after completing a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation which includes a clinical interview and review of current and past symptoms. Diagnosis can be tricky as many individuals with dysthymia may not seek help due to the chronic nature of the disorder and lack of insight into the severity of their symptoms.
Furthermore, family members and friends may be reluctant to share their concerns out of fear that they will be seen as overreacting.
Treatment for Dysthymia
Treatment for dysthymia typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication.
Medications used to treat dysthymia include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Antidepressants work by correcting imbalances in the brain chemicals that are thought to contribute to depression.
Psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can help people with dysthymia learn to recognize and change negative thought patterns.
In some cases, electroconvulsive therapy may also be recommended. Involves passing electrical currents through the brain to induce a seizure.
It is usually used as a last resort for patients who have not responded to other forms of treatment, such as medication or cognitive behavioral therapy.
Prognosis
Because dysthymia is a long-term condition, it is important to seek treatment as soon as possible. With treatment, the prognosis for dysthymia is generally good.
Most people with dysthymia experience significant improvements in their symptoms. However, it is important to note that dysthymia can be a relapsing condition, so ongoing treatment may be necessary to maintain symptom relief.
With proper treatment, people with dysthymia can learn to manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives.
If you or someone you know is living with PDD or Dysthymia, there are a number of resources available to help. Support groups can provide a great deal of information and support, while therapy can offer practical tools for managing the condition. There are also many books and articles available on the topic, which can provide valuable insights. In addition, online forums can be a helpful way to connect with others who are dealing with similar issues. Whatever resources you choose, it is important to remember that you are not alone in this journey.
Resources for people living with PDD or Dysthymia
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) offers resources and information on PDD and dysthymia, as well as other mental health conditions. They also provide research updates and clinical trials information.
The Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) is a nonprofit organization that offers support and resources for people with anxiety and depression. They also have a helpful list of therapist finders and treatment options.
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) is another nonprofit that offers support groups and educational materials for people with mood disorders. They also provide a searchable database of care providers. There are also many online support groups available. These can be a great way to connect with others who understand what you’re going through.
If you’re feeling overwhelmed, remember that help is available. Reach out to your doctor or a mental health professional for more information on how to get the support you need.
Who is at risk for developing PDD
Risk factors for dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder include: a family history of depression; chronic stress; major life changes or trauma; and other mental health disorders such as anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, and eating disorders.
Family history, for example, is thought to play a role. People who have a parent or other close relative with depression are more likely to experience it themselves. Other risk factors include stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one or losing one’s job. Chronic medical conditions, such as arthritis or heart disease, can also increase the risk of developing dysthymia.
When to see a doctor
When should you see a doctor about feeling down?
If you’ve been feeling persistently sad for two or more weeks, or if your sadness is so intense that it interferes with your ability to function in your everyday life, it’s time to seek professional help. If you think you might be suffering from dysthymia, make an appointment to see your doctor. He or she will likely ask you about your symptoms and how long you’ve been experiencing them.
You may also be asked to fill out a questionnaire about your symptoms. Based on this information, your doctor will be able to make a diagnosis and recommend treatment.
Complications
There are a number of conditions that may be linked with persistent depressive disorder, or PDD. These include anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, and certain medical conditions.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, PDD may increase your risk for developing other serious health conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, or diabetes.
PDD can also co-occur with other mood disorders, such as Bipolar Disorder. Complications from PDD can range from mild to severe, and can include problems with work, school, relationships, and self-esteem. In severe cases, people with PDD may have suicidal thoughts or attempts.
Conclusion
PDD is a serious disorder that can have lasting effects on a person’s life. It’s important to be aware of the symptoms and get help if you or someone you know is suffering from PDD.
There are many resources available to help those who are struggling with PDD, so don’t hesitate to seek out assistance if needed. Remember, knowledge is power when it comes to mental health disorders like PDD.
The more you know about the condition, the better equipped you will be to handle it if it affects you or somebody close to you.
Featured Image Credit: Photo by Kat Smith (Pexels)
References
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymic disorder). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymic-disorder
- Jerry L Halverson, M. D. (2021, July 19). Dysthymic disorder. Background, Etiology, Epidemiology. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290686-overview
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). NIMH ” home. National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/
- Anxiety disorders and depression research & treatment. Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://adaa.org/
- Samhsa’s national helpline: Samhsa – Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline
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